
120
What’s Inside
🎁 A Special Flightline 120 GiveawayThis issue of Flightline is completely unlocked for everyone. No paywall, no blurred data and no subscriber-only sections. Free readers get the same full issue normally reserved for Flightline Pro subscribers, including Aviation Safety & Security, Industry News, Air Cargo, fleet intelligence and the complete Viva network analysis.
Consider it a chance to see exactly what you’re missing. Flightline Pro is just $35 a year, and every regular issue delivers the complete briefing directly to your inbox. If you find yourself wishing every Flightline looked like this one, there’s an easy fix: upgrade to Pro and they will.
Cover Image: FedEx (FX) has painted a Boeing 777 (N884FD) in this special retro livery. 10/10 in my opinion!
- Vietnam Airlines 787 overruns the runway during a dramatic Munich departure
- Berkshire Hathaway dramatically increases its multibillion-dollar Delta Air Lines stake
- Spirit's nearly new headquarters sells for just $93.25 million in bankruptcy
- Viva's September network dissected: 179 routes, 63 airports and 2.7 million seats
- June 2026 airport passenger totals in Finland.
For as little as 34¢ an issue, you can access the full datasets, global fleet movements, and expert context relied on by industry leaders. This issue contains over a dozen additional subscriber-only stories, the complete route intelligence report, and the full aviation security briefing.
Route Intelligence Report
New and Proposed Routes
United Airlines (UA) will add a new seasonal route from Boston (BOS) to Jackson Hole (JAC) during the first quarter of 2027. The carrier will operate the route 1x weekly from Feb. 13 through March 20 using a Boeing 737-700.
Beijing Capital Airlines (JD) will return to Canada in October, resuming service to Vancouver (YVR) via Qingdao (TAO) from Hangzhou (HGH). Flights begin Oct. 2 and will operate 1x weekly, initially using an Airbus A330-300 before switching to the A330-200 from Oct. 16.
Delta Air Lines (DL) has filed schedules for its previously announced Austin (AUS)-Paris de Gaulle (CDG) route. The summer seasonal service will begin March 27, 2027, operating daily with an Airbus A330-900neo. Delta will also add daily Austin-San Diego (SAN) service beginning April 12, 2027.
Cebu Pacific (5J) will restore two international routes from Davao (DVO) for the northern winter 2026-27 season. Davao-Bangkok Don Mueang (DMK) resumes Oct. 26 with 3x weekly Airbus A320/A320neo service, while Davao-Hong Kong (HKG) returns Oct. 25 with 4x weekly A320/A320neo flights.
Dropped and Suspended Routes
El Al Israel Airlines (LY) has closed reservations for its planned Tel Aviv (TLV)-Hanoi (HAN) service, which had been scheduled to launch Oct. 24. The carrier previously planned to operate the route 3x weekly with Boeing 787-8 and 787-9 aircraft. The reservation closure indicates the planned Vietnam service will no longer launch as scheduled.
Fleet Intelligence
LATEST AIRCRAFT DELIVERIES
🇦🇪 5Y-DAO, a Bombardier DHC-8-402 Dash 8 Q400, was delivered to Daallo Airlines (D3) on August 14.
🇨🇳 B-229P, a Boeing 737 MAX 8, was delivered to Shandong Airlines (SC) on August 14.
🇨🇳 B-2409, a Boeing 747-412F, was delivered to Air Central (GI) on August 13.
🇨🇳 B-32R9, an Airbus A320-271neo, was delivered to Sichuan Airlines (3U) on August 13.
🇨🇳 B-32T0, an Airbus A320-251neo, was delivered to Spring Airlines (9C) on August 14.
🇹🇼 B-58554, an Airbus A350-1041, was delivered to STARLUX Airlines (JX) on August 15.
🇭🇰 B-HQD, an Airbus A321-251neo, was delivered to Cathay Pacific (CX) on August 15.
🇨🇦 C-FLPD, a Boeing 767-35DER(BDSF), was delivered to Cargojet Airways (W8) on August 13.
🇨🇦 C-GXAU, an Airbus A321-271NY XLR, was delivered to Air Canada (AC) on August 15.
🇵🇪 CC-COX, an Airbus A319-132, was delivered to LATAM Airlines Peru (LP) on August 13.
🇩🇪 D-AIKQ, an Airbus A330-343, was delivered to Discover Airlines (4Y) on August 15.
🇬🇧 G-DHMH, a Boeing 777-232LR(MF), was delivered to DHL Aviation (QY) on August 13.
🇬🇧 G-HLYP, an Airbus A321-251neo, was delivered to Jet2 (LS) on August 14.
🇬🇧 G-ZONA, an Airbus A320-251neo, was delivered to easyJet (U2) on August 14.
🇭🇺 HA-LDY, an Airbus A321-271neo, was delivered to Wizz Air (W6) on August 14.
🇭🇺 HA-LNA, an Airbus A321-271neo, was delivered to Wizz Air on August 14.
🇨🇭 HB-JDM, an Airbus A320-271neo, was delivered to Swiss (LX) on August 14.
🇰🇷 HL8784, a Boeing 737 MAX 8, was delivered to Eastar Jet (ZE) on August 13.
🇹🇭 HS-VZM, a Boeing 737 MAX 8, was delivered to Thai VietJetAir (VZ) on August 13.
🇺🇸 N3322J, an Airbus A220-300, was delivered to JetBlue (B6) on August 14.
🇺🇸 N351SC, an Embraer ERJ-175LR, was delivered to Envoy Air (MQ) on August 15.
🇺🇸 N47470, a Boeing 737 MAX 9, was delivered to United Airlines on August 13.
🇺🇸 N487CM, a Boeing 767-360ER(BDSF)(WL), was delivered to ABX Air (GB) on August 13.
🇺🇸 N610DN, an Airbus A321-271neo, was delivered to Delta Air Lines on August 13.
🇺🇸 N9017L, a Boeing 737 MAX 8, was delivered to Southwest Airlines (WN) on August 12.
🇺🇸 N9018H, a Boeing 737 MAX 8, was delivered to Southwest Airlines on August 14.
🇷🇺 RA-73853, a Boeing 757-28A(SF), was delivered to E-Cargo (ER) on August 14.
🇹🇷 TC-LDC, a Boeing 737 MAX 8, was delivered to Turkish Airlines (TK) on August 13.
🇮🇳 VT-YBR, a Boeing 737-8200 MAX, was delivered to Akasa Air (QP) on August 14.
🇲🇽 XA-MXH, an Embraer E190-E2, was delivered to Mexicana (MX) on August 14.
🇲🇽 XA-OTD, a Boeing 787-9, was delivered to Aeroméxico (AM) on August 14.
LATEST AIRCRAFT RETIREMENTS
🇲🇹 9H-ANZ, an Airbus A320-232, previously SX-DVI with Aegean Airlines (A3), was ferried on August 13 to Greenwood, Miss. (GWO) for part-out and scrap.
🇪🇸 EC-JFH, an Airbus A320-214 with Iberia Express (I2), was withdrawn from use (wfu) and ferried on August 13 to Lourdes, France (LDE) for part-out and scrap.
🇮🇩 PK-GLE, an Airbus A320-232 with Citilink Express (QG), was wfu and ferried on August 8 to Coolidge, Ariz. (P08) for part-out and scrap.
Your employees are connecting AI to everything. Now what?
ChatGPT and Claude don't just answer questions anymore. Employees are connecting them directly to Notion, Linear, Jira, and the rest of your stack. The AI can read, write, and take actions on company data. Most IT and security teams have no visibility into any of it.
Harmonic Security Connectors changes that. It sits inline with every AI-to-app connection, so you see each call, control what data moves, and block destructive actions before they happen. Employees notice nothing different.
See what's actually running across your business in a live demo.
|
Flightline Feature
Stamp
Collection |
|
Aviation Safety & Security
A Vietnam Airlines (VN) Boeing 787-9 was substantially damaged during a dramatic takeoff incident at Munich (MUC) on Saturday after the aircraft used virtually the entire length of runway 26L before becoming airborne. Flight VN34, bound for Hanoi, was operated by 787-9 VN-A867 and departed Munich at about 1:45 p.m. local time. Video of the departure shows the Dreamliner rotating unusually late and kicking up a large cloud of dust as it reached the end of the paved runway. Preliminary reports indicate the aircraft traveled beyond the runway end and suffered a tail strike during rotation, with damage also reported to several tires. Vietnam Airlines has described the event only as a “technical issue,” and the precise sequence and cause remain under investigation. German investigators have become involved, while speculation about takeoff performance, aircraft configuration or a mechanical problem remains unconfirmed.
Rather than continuing the long-haul flight to Vietnam, the crew climbed to roughly 9,000 feet and remained near Munich for more than two hours before returning. The aircraft reportedly conducted a low approach so its condition could be visually assessed from the ground before landing safely. Tire damage produced smoke during the landing, and the 787 was subsequently unable to leave the runway under its own power, forcing Munich to temporarily close its north runway and divert traffic to the airport’s other runway. The aircraft was eventually towed away, with debris collected and runway damage repaired before normal operations resumed Sunday morning. All passengers and crew were reported safe, with no injuries. The incident could prove costly for Vietnam Airlines given the reported damage to the 787’s tires, landing gear and airframe, but the extent of structural damage has not yet been officially established.

A veteran air traffic controller at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX) prevented a potentially dangerous mix-up after two American Airlines (AA) aircraft wound up operating simultaneously as Flight 2482 on the same radio frequency, one arriving from Chicago O’Hare (ORD) and the other departing Phoenix for Chicago. The unusual situation developed after the inbound flight was delayed and American substituted another aircraft to operate the outbound leg, leaving both aircraft using the same call sign at the same time. As their flight paths converged, the controller recognized the problem and began distinguishing them as the arriving and departing American 2482, keeping the aircraft at different altitudes. Flight-tracking data showed the jets came within about 3 miles horizontally while remaining 2,000 feet apart vertically, and the FAA said required separation was maintained throughout. The controller, who said he had worked air traffic for 25 years and had never seen two aircraft with the same call sign “pretty much merge,” acknowledged that the situation could have been disastrous. Both flights continued safely, while the FAA and American Airlines are reviewing how the duplicate call sign occurred.
A man who had reportedly been living at Miami Airport (MIA) was arrested Aug. 13 after police said he stole a passenger’s suitcase containing about $9,000 worth of belongings from an American Airlines baggage carousel. Surveillance footage allegedly showed the man taking the bag several weeks earlier, carrying it into a terminal restroom and later leaving the airport aboard airport transportation. Police found him back in the baggage claim area Aug. 13 still carrying the stolen suitcase, and he reportedly confessed that he took it after losing his housing and living at the airport, explaining that carrying luggage helped him blend in and appear to be a passenger. Authorities said none of the contents had been removed. He was charged with third-degree felony grand theft and was denied bond because he was already on pretrial release in a separate grand theft case involving a backpack allegedly stolen from a Miami hotel in May.
Aviation Industry News
United Airlines has secured approximately $390 million in financing from Standard Chartered for nine new narrowbody aircraft, covering four Airbus A321neos and five Boeing 737 MAX 8s. Standard Chartered served as lead arranger and initial lender, with the deal supporting United’s ongoing fleet modernization and fuel-efficiency strategy. The transaction builds on the companies’ relationship after the bank financed five United A321neos in 2025. United continues to maintain a substantial delivery pipeline, including 132 A321neos, 49 A321XLRs, 58 737 MAX 9s and 165 MAX 10s.
Berkshire Hathaway has significantly increased its investment in Delta Air Lines, deepening a surprising return to an industry Warren Buffett once famously viewed as a poor investment. Berkshire increased its Delta position by 44 percent during the second quarter, from 39.8 million shares at the end of March to 57.3 million shares as of June 30, a stake valued at roughly $5.4 billion. The investment is particularly notable because Berkshire dumped its airline holdings during the COVID-19 crisis in 2020, but the latest purchases have occurred under new CEO Greg Abel. Delta’s improving financial position appears to be part of the attraction: the airline reported record second-quarter revenue of $17.7 billion, $1.4 billion in pretax profit and an 11 percent return on invested capital, while long-term debt has fallen from $14 billion at the end of 2024 to $10.5 billion. Delta also continues to shift its business toward higher-margin premium, loyalty and other diversified revenue streams, which accounted for 61 percent of second-quarter revenue. Berkshire’s decision to add another 17.5 million Delta shares suggests its return to airline investing is becoming a substantial long-term bet rather than a tentative experiment.
Somalia is preparing to return its national flag carrier, Somali Airlines, to the skies in September, ending a 35-year absence dating to the collapse of the country’s government and the outbreak of civil war in 1991. The government-backed revival is part of a broader effort to rebuild Somalia’s aviation sector and reconnect the country with regional and international markets. Somalia announced the acquisition of two Airbus A320s in 2025 as the foundation of the revived carrier, which is expected initially to focus on regional services before expanding its network. The return would represent a significant milestone for Somali aviation, although previous relaunch targets have slipped and final operating details, including the initial route network, have yet to be fully disclosed. We will see if this gets off the ground.

Air France (AF) has permanently closed the sauna in its business class lounge in Terminal 2E, Hall L at Paris de Gaulle, reportedly because some passengers were enjoying considerably more than a little preflight relaxation. According to Live and Let’s Fly, a lounge manager said the private sauna had become the scene of inappropriate sexual activity, apparently forcing Air France to conclude that some premium travelers were taking the concept of a “hot connection” a bit too literally. The sauna has now disappeared from the airline’s official list of lounge amenities, although showers and complimentary Clarins treatments remain available. It was certainly an unusual perk while it lasted, but passengers will now have to find a less adventurous way to work up a sweat before boarding.

Brazil’s National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC) has restricted Argentine low-cost carrier Flybondi (FO) from selling tickets and expanding in Brazil after the airline canceled 79 percent of its scheduled Brazilian flights between July 1 and 27. The regulator immediately blocked sales for planned service to Florianópolis (FLN), Maceió (MCZ) and Salvador (SSA), while also prohibiting Flybondi from adding new destinations, frequencies or other operations in the country. ANAC cited a sharp deterioration in operational reliability, discrepancies between published schedules and flights actually operated, customer-service problems and growing complaints involving refunds and rebooking. The carrier’s Buenos Aires-Rio de Janeiro/Galeão (GIG) service was initially given a temporary exemption, but ANAC subsequently suspended new ticket sales on that route after determining Flybondi had failed to demonstrate that sufficient operational improvements had been implemented.
WestJet (WS) has agreed to pay C$4.5 million (US$3.2 million) to settle a decade-long class-action lawsuit brought by thousands of current and former female flight attendants over allegations of workplace harassment, with the British Columbia Supreme Court approving the settlement Aug. 10. The case was filed in 2016 by former flight attendant Mandalena Lewis, who alleged she was sexually assaulted by a pilot during a 2010 Hawaii layover and that WestJet failed to properly investigate her complaint. The class action, certified by the British Columbia Court of Appeal in 2022 after years of legal challenges, covers female flight attendants who worked for WestJet mainline between April 2014 and February 2021 and did not opt out. Roughly 3,452 claimants are eligible, with each expected to receive about C$470 (US$338) after legal fees, administrative expenses and other costs are deducted from the settlement.
Spirit Airlines’ (NK) former headquarters campus in Dania Beach, Fla., has been sold through bankruptcy court for $93.25 million to an affiliate of Boston-based Hill City Capital, marking another major step in the liquidation of the defunct ultra-low-cost carrier. The 8.3-acre campus is particularly symbolic of Spirit’s collapse: the airline opened the new headquarters only in April 2024 after planning an investment of roughly $250 million in the facility, only to cease operations May 2, 2026. The winning bid was submitted during an Aug. 11 bankruptcy auction, with final court approval scheduled for Aug. 19. The buyer reportedly plans to convert the property into a multi-tenant office campus. The $93.25 million price represents roughly a third of the approximately $275 million valuation cited for the property, making the sale a striking example of how quickly Spirit went from investing heavily in its future to selling off its assets.

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is facing scrutiny over its growing aircraft fleet and spending as several government-owned planes sit unused or underused despite the Trump administration’s push to expand immigration enforcement. DHS has spent heavily to acquire aircraft for Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) deportation missions and senior government travel, including Boeing 737s, but questions are mounting over whether the aircraft are operationally necessary, properly utilized and cost-effective compared with chartering flights. The controversy is part of a broader debate over DHS aviation procurement, particularly aircraft promoted as serving both deportation and executive-transport missions, with lawmakers and government officials questioning whether the department has adequately justified the expense and how the planes will actually be employed. ICE has chartered nearly 26,000 deportation flights so far in President Trump’s second term.

Air Canada reported record second-quarter operating revenue of C$6.27 billion, up 11 percent year over year, as strong premium, corporate and connecting traffic helped offset sharply higher fuel costs. Adjusted EBITDA totaled C$719 million, at the top end of the airline’s guidance, but fell from C$909 million a year earlier, while Air Canada swung to a C$215 million operating loss from C$418 million in operating income in Q2 2025. The carrier posted a net loss of C$178 million, or C$0.63 per diluted share, compared with net income of C$186 million a year earlier. Results included C$388 million in labor-related and other charges, while fuel expense surged 49 percent year over year. Air Canada generated C$651 million in operating cash flow and C$174 million in free cash flow during the quarter and repurchased more than six million shares for C$125 million. The airline also reinstated its full-year 2026 outlook, forecasting adjusted EBITDA of C$2.9 billion to C$3.2 billion as it continues to contend with elevated fuel prices.
🇫🇮 June 2026 Passenger Traffic Totals at Finland’s Airports
Here are the June 2026 passenger totals at commercial airports across Finland.

Air Cargo

Canadian freighter operator Cargojet reported a strong second quarter, with revenue rising 15.8 percent year over year to C$275.8 million and adjusted EBITDA increasing 8.9 percent to C$87.3 million. Net earnings reached C$7 million, reversing a C$3.2 million loss a year earlier. Charter revenue jumped 37.4 percent to C$57.4 million, helped by new flying opportunities and support for a customer affected by the MD-11F grounding, while domestic network revenue rose 8.1 percent to C$110.6 million. ACMI revenue declined 12.6 percent to C$54.6 million as aircraft were redeployed from Asian and European routes to South America. Cargojet also highlighted 99.2 percent on-time performance and expansion of its international operation, including new Liège-Tel Aviv service. Separately, the carrier reached a five-year agreement with its pilots that provides an initial 26 percent wage increase followed by 5 percent annual raises through June 2031, while increasing the baseline work schedule from 15 to 16 days per month and including a no-strike, no-lockout provision.
Network Overview: Viva (VB)

Viva’s (VB) September 2026 schedule shows an airline that remains overwhelmingly focused on Mexico, but with a sizable and increasingly important international operation layered on top of a very dense domestic network. According to the schedule provided, Viva plans 13,089 one-way flights and 2,702,278 seats during September, equivalent to roughly 436 flights and 90,100 seats per day. The schedule covers 179 nonstop airport pairs and 63 airports across five countries, with Mexico joined by the United States, Colombia, Cuba and Costa Rica.
Domestic flying accounts for the vast majority of the operation. Viva schedules 11,593 domestic flights and 2,398,624 seats across 142 Mexican routes, representing about 88.6 percent of all flights and 88.8 percent of capacity. International service accounts for the remaining 1,496 flights and 303,654 seats across 37 routes. That makes Viva first and foremost a Mexican domestic carrier despite the considerable visibility of its U.S. network.
Monterrey (MTY) is unquestionably the center of Viva’s network. The airline schedules 2,397 departures and 486,696 departing seats from MTY during September, accounting for approximately 18 percent of its entire system capacity. More importantly, Monterrey has nonstop service to 46 destinations, giving it by far the broadest connectivity of any station in the network. Viva’s presence there functions much more like a true connecting hub than simply a large local market.
Mexico City is more complicated because Viva splits its operation among three airports. Mexico City (MEX) has 1,468 departures and 320,404 seats, while Santa Lucia (NLU) has 1,369 flights and 280,868 seats. Toluca (TLC) adds another 230 flights and 44,192 seats. Combined, the three Mexico City-area airports account for 3,067 departures and 645,464 seats, nearly 24 percent of Viva’s entire scheduled September capacity. Santa Lucia is particularly noteworthy for breadth rather than simply frequency: Viva serves 39 destinations from Santa Lucia, compared with 26 from Mexico City and five from Toluca.
After Monterrey and Mexico City, Viva’s biggest stations are Cancún (CUN) with 1,124 departures and 232,218 seats, Guadalajara (GDL) with 1,075 departures and 221,544 seats, Tijuana (TIJ) with 591 departures and 127,004 seats, and Mérida (MID) with 451 departures and 101,902 seats. Cancún has nonstop service to 21 Viva destinations, while Guadalajara has 20 and both Tijuana and Mérida have 13. This creates a network that is notably less dependent upon one or two hubs than those of Mexico’s traditional network airlines.
The airline’s largest domestic route is Monterrey-Cancún, with 588 flights and 120,868 seats during September, nearly 20 flights per day when both directions are counted. Monterrey-Mexico City follows closely with 540 flights and 116,214 seats. The next tier includes Mexico City-Cancún with 364 flights and 84,080 seats, Monterrey-Guadalajara with 350 flights and 72,516 seats, Santa Lucia-Cancún with 320 flights and 65,556 seats, Mexico City-Guadalajara with 292 flights and 64,920 seats, and Guadalajara-Tijuana with 298 flights and 63,396 seats.
Other particularly important domestic links illustrate how much of Viva’s network bypasses Mexico City entirely. Monterrey-Santa Lucia has 55,760 seats, Monterrey-Querétaro (QRO) has 53,044, Mexico City-Tijuana has 41,966, Guadalajara-Santa Lucia has 41,760 and Monterrey-Mérida has 40,260. Viva is consequently not simply funneling passengers through the capital. Large north-south, border, leisure and secondary-city markets form a substantial part of its schedule.
Internationally, the United States dominates Viva’s operation, accounting for 1,201 flights and 244,670 seats across 27 routes in September. That represents roughly 81 percent of Viva’s international seat capacity. Cuba is the second-largest international market with 30,652 seats across five routes, followed by Colombia with 25,356 seats across four routes and Costa Rica with 2,976 seats on a single route.
Viva’s largest international route is Guadalajara-Los Angeles (LAX), with 92 flights and 19,716 seats, followed closely by Monterrey-Las Vegas (LAS) with 84 flights and 19,656 seats and Monterrey-Houston Intercontinental (IAH) with 92 flights and 18,888 seats. Monterrey-San Antonio (SAT) adds another 92 flights and 17,944 seats. These figures reinforce Monterrey’s importance not only domestically but as Viva’s principal international gateway.
Other major U.S. markets include Mexico City-Las Vegas with 14,400 seats, Mexico City-Houston and Mexico City-San Antonio with 13,200 seats each, and Mexico City routes to New York Kennedy, Los Angeles and Chicago O’Hare with 11,160 seats apiece. Monterrey-Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) provides another 11,112 seats, while Monterrey-Orlando, Guadalajara-Las Vegas and Monterrey-Los Angeles are also sizable portions of the cross-border network.
Outside the United States, Viva’s strongest international route is Cancún-Havana (HAV), with 60 flights and 12,456 seats. Mérida-Havana adds 7,180 seats. Colombia is led by Santa Lucia-Bogotá (BOG) with 7,812 seats and Cancún-Bogotá with 6,756 seats. Viva’s Costa Rican presence is much smaller, with just 16 flights and 2,976 seats during the month.
📈 Flightline Financials 🏦
| Airline & Airport Operator Stock Prices Most Recent Closing Price | |||
| AAL American $14.83 | AERO AeroMéxico $15.75 | ALGT Allegiant $85.75 | ALK Alaska $45.96 |
| BA Boeing $231.67 | CPA Copa $135.87 | DAL Delta $89.35 | EMBJ Embraer $75.38 |
| JBLU JetBlue $5.65 | LTM LATAM $52.26 | LUV Southwest $44.26 | RJET Republic $20.33 |
| RYAAY Ryanair $58.81 | SKYW SkyWest $107.58 | UAL United $125.34 | ULCC Frontier $6.69 |
| VLRS Volaris $7.88 | BRENT CRUDE Oil Per Barrel $88.52 | ||
| ASR Asur $264.58 | OMAB OMA $103.39 | PAC GAP $206.98 | CAAP Corp America $24.48 |
| Global Currency Exchange Rates $1 USD Equals: | |||
| EUR Euro 0.86 | GBP British Pound 0.74 | MXN Mexican Peso 17.02 | CAD Canadian Dollar 1.39 |
Stop typing what you could say in 10 seconds.
Wispr Flow turns your voice into clean, professional text inside any app. Emails, Slack, client updates — speak once, send without editing. 4x faster than typing.
Daily Passenger Counts at U.S. Airports, 2026 vs. 2025








